|
The papal election of February 14, 1130 was convoked after the death of Pope Honorius II and resulted in a double election. Part of the cardinals, led by Cardinal-Chancellor Aymeric de la Chatre, elected Gregorio Papareschi as Pope Innocent II, but the rest of them refused to recognize him and elected Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who took the name of Anacletus II. Although Anacletus had the support of the majority of the cardinals, the Catholic Church considers Innocent II as the legitimate Pope, and Anacletus II as Antipope. The double election was a result of the growing tensions inside the College of Cardinals concerning the policy of the Holy See towards the Holy Roman Empire, initiated by the Concordat of Worms (1122), which ended the investiture controversy. Several, particularly older, cardinals considered the compromise achieved in Worms as desertion of the principles of the Gregorian Reform, and inclined to accept it only as a tactical move. They supported the traditional alliance of the Papacy with the Normans in southern Italy. Some of them were connected to old monastic centers in Southern Italy such as Montecassino. One of their leaders was Cardinal Pierleoni, representative of one of the most powerful families of Rome.〔Robinson, p. 71–72〕 The opposite faction was headed by Aymeric de la Chatre, who was named cardinal and chancellor of the Holy See shortly after signing the Concordat of Worms and was one of the main architects of the new policy. He and his adherents looked at the compromise as a good solution both for the Church and the Emperor, and did not trust the Norman vassals of the Holy See, who expressed some expansionist tendencies. It seems that at least some major representatives of this faction had strong connections to the "new spirituality", meaning the new religious orders such as regular canons. Besides, they were allied with the Roman family of Frangipani, opponents of the Pierleoni family.〔Robinson, p. 71–73〕 In the last weeks of the lifetime of Pope Honorius II the cardinals, fearing the possible schism, made an agreement that the new pope would be elected by the commission of eight of them, including two cardinal-bishops, three cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons.〔Robinson, p. 74; Bloch, p. 946〕 ==Cardinals== The College of Cardinals had probably 43 (or 42) members in February 1130. It seems that no more than 37 (36) were present at Rome on the death of Honorius II:〔The College of Cardinals is reconstructed according to Klewitz, p. 211–229; Hüls, p. 84 ff; and Brixius, p. 17–19, 31–40. The one disputed cardinal is Enrico of S. Prisca (Klewitz, p. 211 note 3 denies that he was already a cardinal at the time of the election; Hüls, p. 200 says only that he appears for the first time on February 14, 1130 among signatories of the electoral decree of Anacletus but does not indicate by which pope he had been created; Brixius, p. 35 no. 19 lists him among the members of the Sacred College on the death of Honorius II but adds that he may have been created by Anacletus II). Brixius, p. 39 no. 38 lists also the 44th cardinal, Petrus, priest of S. Eusebio and adherent of Anacletus II, but see Klewitz, p. 211-212 note 3, and Brixius’ own remarks, ''op. cit.'', p. 18–19 and 82. Chroust, p. 352, also says that Petrus of S. Eusebio belonged to the College at the time of the election and identifies him with cardinal-deacon Petrus of S. Maria in Via Lata under Honorius II, but this identification is undoubtedly erroneous (see Hüls, p. 239).〕 Probably six cardinals were absent from Rome:〔For the absence of Gilles of Tusculum, Guido of Tivoli, Amico and Oderisio see Bloch, p. 949 and p. 950 note 2. For the legation of Uberto see Klewitz, p. 224 and 250, and Hüls, p. 162. For the legation of Rustico, see Hüls, p. 158. The absence of Oderisio, Rustico and Guido of Tivoli is mentioned also by Brixius, p. 19.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Papal election, 1130」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|